International Research Journal of Islamic Culture and Communication (IRJICC)
The International Research Journal of Islamic Culture and Communication (IRJICC) is a peer-reviewed, quarterly research journal in the field of Social Sciences, focusing on Islamic culture, civilization, communication, and their interaction with contemporary society. The journal provides an international scholarly platform for researchers, academicians, and social scientists to publish original and analytical research addressing cultural, social, ethical, historical, and communicative dimensions of Islam.IRJICC encourages interdisciplinary research integrating Islamic studies with sociology, media and communication studies, anthropology, political science, international relations, education, law, and comparative religious studies. The journal aims to promote informed dialogue, intellectual exchange, and academic understanding of Islamic culture within modern social frameworks.The journal follows a rigorous double-blind peer review process to ensure originality, academic integrity, and research quality. Published on a quarterly basis, IRJICC adheres to international publication ethics and strives to contribute meaningfully to social sciences scholarship, intercultural communication, and global academic discourse.
ATHEISM AND DOUBTS AMONG YOUTH: THE PROPHETIC MODEL OF FAITH-BASED GUIDANCE
In the contemporary world, atheism has emerged as a significant intellectual and spiritual challenge, particularly among the youth. Rapid technological advancement, exposure to secular ideologies, and weakened religious education have contributed to a growing sense of doubt regarding traditional faith narratives. This paper examines the rising phenomenon of atheism among young people and explores how the Prophetic model, as exemplified in the life and teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلی ﷲ علیہ وسلم), provides a comprehensive framework to address this crisis of belief. By analysing the causes behind the spread of atheistic tendencies and evaluating the Prophetic methods of nurturing faith, resolving doubts, and fostering critical yet spiritually anchored minds, this study highlights actionable insights for educators, parents, and community leaders. The paper argues that a return to the Prophetic approach offers a balanced and deeply humane strategy for restoring faith in an age of scepticism.
Atheism, Youth and Faith, Doubt and Scepticism, Prophetic Guidance, Seerah, Faith Development, Contemporary Challenges, Islamic Theology, Religious Identity.
THE ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE ON INTERFAITH HARMONY: A STUDY IN THE LIGHT OF THE QUR’AN AND HADITH
Interfaith harmony has become an increasingly significant subject in contemporary religious and social discourse due to growing cultural diversity and global interconnectedness. Islam, as a universal religion, provides comprehensive guidance regarding peaceful coexistence, mutual respect, justice, and constructive engagement with followers of other faiths. The Qur'an and the Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) contain numerous teachings that promote dialogue, tolerance, compassion, and cooperation among different religious communities while preserving the distinct identity and beliefs of each faith tradition.This study presents an overview of the concept of interfaith harmony as reflected in the Qur'an and the Prophetic traditions. It explores the fundamental principles of human dignity, religious freedom, justice, peaceful coexistence, and mutual understanding embedded in Islamic teachings. The article further examines the practical implementation of these principles during the life of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), particularly in his interactions with Jews, Christians, and other religious groups. The study concludes that the Qur'an and Hadith provide a balanced framework for fostering peaceful interreligious relations while maintaining commitment to one's religious convictions. Such teachings remain highly relevant in addressing contemporary challenges related to religious diversity and social cohesion.
Interfaith Harmony, Qur'an, Hadith, Religious Tolerance, Peaceful Coexistence, Human Dignity, Religious Freedom, Interreligious Dialogue, Islamic Teachings, Social Cohesion.
THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE CALIPATHE AND THE PAPACY: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY
The Caliphate system began with the existence of the state of Medina, the scholarly form of which was established after the passing of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), when Muslims elected a Caliph on merit and formally laid the foundation of the Caliphate system. The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) used the word caliphate in several sayings. And according to a narration in Bukhari Sharif, its entire system has been described as follows: In Bani Israel, political leadership was in the hands of the prophets (peace be upon them). When one prophet passed away from the world, another prophet would take his place. And I am the last Prophet, there is no prophet after me, but there will be caliphs after me."In this noble saying, the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) described the caliphate in the sense of political leadership and governance and also made it clear that after me this political leadership and governance will be in the hands of the caliphs. This caliphate system started a golden age for Muslims. The first period of the caliphate is called the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphate, which begins with the first caliph, Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddiq (RA), and ends with the last caliph, Hazrat Ali Karam Allah Wajhu al-Karim, which covers a period of approximately thirty years.In Christianity, there is the image of the papacy, which protects their religious and political rulers and is always ready to guide them. The papacy officially began with Peter, the disciple of Jesus (peace be upon him), who was recognized as the first bishop or pope of Rome. The papacy continued to play its role in different eras, but in the sixteenth century AD, Martin Luther started a reform movement and challenged the rulers of the papacy, in which he challenged the powers and leadership of the papacy.
Islam, papacy. Caliphate , Christianity, political.
THE CONCEPT OF RESISTANCE IN THE POETRY OF GHULAM RASOOL SHAH “GHAMNAAK”
Sindhi poetry has a tradition of incorporating a philosophy of resistance since ancient times. After the classical poets, modern poets have also given space to this thought and philosophy in their poetry.Ghulam Rasool Shah Ghamnak 1940-2022 is a beautiful poet of the Sindhi language, whose poetry has many qualities. In his poetry, Ghulam Rasool Shah calls on the world to stand up against injustice and oppression. There are many themes in Ghamnak's poetry, and resistance is one of them.He has the ability to carry the narratives of classicism and modernity at the same time. In 2012, his first collection of poetry "Wahdat Nihan Niyan" was published. The theme of Sufism is very important in his poetry. Sindhi classical characters can also be seen in his poetry. He has no shortage of characters from Suhni to Sassi. Ghamnak uses classical characters in his poetry to provide a sense of decorum to his readers. In his view, social change is possible only when those living in the society resist it. The resistance of the character of the maid is beautifully expressed in the poetry of Ghulam Rasool Shah Ghamnak.Ghamnak has also carved a unique place in modern poetry by presenting the philosophy of Sufism in a rebellious manner. While in classical poetry we read Sufism as described in terms of reformist thought, in Ghamnak's modern poetry, this Sufism is again described in a rebellious manner. Due to such modern and unique qualities, Ghulam Rasool Shah Ghamnak's position stands out from the classics to the moderns with a distinct look.This article clarifies the concept of resistance present in his poetry. In this article, we will try to understand the concept of resistance from his poems, how and in what way such a thought is expressed in his poetry.
Modern sindhi poetry, classical sindhi poetry, resistance, ghamnak, ghulam Rasool, modern sindhi literature, Sindhi literary history.
A DESCRIPTIVE-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE MANIFESTATIONS OF PRIDE AND HEROISM IN THE POETRY OF SAEED ABDULLAH AL-PAKISTANI
This study aims to examine the themes of pride (fakhr) and enthusiasm (hamāsah) in the poetry of Saeed Abdullah Al-Bakistani, as they represent two of the most prominent poetic purposes reflected in his literary experience. The research seeks to identify the artistic and intellectual dimensions conveyed through these themes in his poetry. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach by examining relevant poetic texts and analyzing their thematic, rhetorical, and stylistic features. The findings reveal that pride in the poet’s works appears on two primary levels: personal pride, expressed through his confidence in his poetic talent and mastery of the Arabic language, and national pride, reflected in his strong attachment to his Pashtun identity and cultural belonging. The study also highlights the significant presence of enthusiasm, both in its individual dimension associated with courage and determination, and in its collective dimension that embodies heroism and the defense of values and principles. The research demonstrates that Saeed Abdullah Al-Bakistani successfully combines his non-Arab identity with creative expression in eloquent Arabic, presenting a distinguished model of a non-Arab Muslim poet who has contributed to enriching contemporary Arabic literature. His poetry is characterized by stylistic strength, clarity of meaning, and abundant rhetorical imagery that reinforces themes of pride and enthusiasm. The study concludes that his poetry represents a valuable literary experience worthy of further scholarly attention, as it reflects the interaction of Arabic literature with Islamic cultural environments beyond the Arab world.
Pride, Enthusiasm, Saeed Abdullah Al-Bakistani, Arabic Poetry, Contemporary Arabic Literature, Non-Arab Arabophobe Poets.
A DESCRIPTIVE-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF GHAZAL IN THE POETRY OF SAEED ABDULLAH AL-PAKISTANI
This study aims to analyze the theme of love poetry (ghazal) in the works of Abdullah Saeed Al-Bakistani, focusing on its two main forms: chaste love (ʿudhri ghazal) and explicit love poetry. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach through the examination of selected poetic texts and the analysis of their rhetorical and thematic dimensions. The findings reveal that ghazal occupies a prominent place in the poet’s literary experience, and that the figure of “Karshima” plays a central role in shaping his emotional and poetic expression. The study also highlights the clear presence of chaste love poetry characterized by sincerity, fidelity, and spiritual attachment, alongside explicit love poetry that expresses physical beauty and emotional desire more directly. The research concludes that Abdullah Saeed Al-Bakistani successfully employs the Arabic language to convey his emotional experience with remarkable poetic skill, presenting a distinguished example of a non-Arab poet contributing creatively to contemporary Arabic literature.
Ghazal, Chaste Love Poetry, Explicit Love Poetry, Abdullah Saeed Al-Bakistani, Arabic Poetry, Contemporary Arabic Literature.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOCIAL ETHICS IN THE FIRST SIX VERSES OF SURAH AL-HUJURAT: IN THE LIGHT OF TAFSIR MA'ARIF AL-QURAN AND TAFSIR TADABBUR AL-QURAN
Social etiquette refers to those rules and principles that form the foundation of relationships between individuals in a society. These etiquettes are based on moral and social codes that promote an atmosphere of mutual respect and trust within the community. The presence of social etiquette not only encourages a person to respect the rights of others but also enables them to play a positive role in society through their character and behavior. These principles reflect the culture, religion, and values of a society and provide individuals with the opportunity to lead a peaceful and constructive life. When such a relationship is connected with a sacred personality—especially the Final Prophet (peace be upon him)—the importance of social etiquette increases even further. In such relationships, adopting the highest standards of respect becomes a moral responsibility for every individual. The opening verses of Surah Al-Hujurat present these very etiquettes with great refinement and eloquence. In this article, a detailed comparative analysis of the social etiquettes mentioned in these verses is presented in the light of Tafsir Ma'arif al-Qur'an and Tafsir Tadabbur al-Qur'an, so that their various dimensions can be better understood.
Obedience to Allah and His Messenger (peace be upon him), Etiquettes of speech and respect, Respect for personal boundaries, Verification of information.
AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF ANIS A SHORROSH’S METHODOLOGY IN HIS LITERATURE
Dr. Anis A. Shorrosh (A Christian Arab) was born on January 6, 1933 in Nazareth, Israel. And died on 13 May 2018 (aged 85 Alabama, USA) Dr. Anis A. Shorrosh served for 50 years as an international evangelist in over 80 countries, preaching, defending, and teaching the Christianity. Sharrosh emerged as a Cristian evangelist who debated many famous scholars like deedat. both the intellectuals played a vital role in interfaith dialogue and introduced new methodologies in this regard. Shorrosh's methodology, includes potential biases, oversimplifications, or lack of scholarly rigor. It explores how his methodology may be perceived within different academic and religious communities and its broader impact on the field of Islamic-Christian relations. Evaluates the effectiveness and implications of Shorrosh's methodology in achieving his intended objectives, such as promoting interfaith dialogue, defending Christian beliefs, or critiquing Islamic doctrines. It considers factors such as accuracy, coherence, persuasiveness, and ethical considerations in its approach. During Dr. Shorrosh's lifetime, he authored ten books, including The Liberated Palestinian, The True Furqan; Jesus, Prophecy, and The Middle East; and Islam; A Threat or A Challenge. In this article an effort has been made to describe the methodology of Dr. Anis A. Shorrosh in his literature, the effects of his literature on Muslim - Christin thoughts, and what impressions he left behind on Christin-Muslim dialogue.
Methodology, comparative Religion, Rationality, controversy, Polemic.
ISSUES DISCUSSED BY DEEDAT IN HIS WRITINGS
Ahmad Deedat is a South African Muslim thinker, preacher, scholar and writer. He is one of the 20th century religious scholars known for his writings on world religion/comparative studies. Through his writing, preaching and sermons, he rejected false doubts and false thoughts related to Islam, and also played a very important role in the promotion and development of Islam. He exhorted the people to be imbued with Islamic ideals and thoughts and to adopt Islamic rites. Ahmad Deedat through his writings has discussed the comparative aspects between Islam and other religions, especially Christianity, in which he talks about the reasons for the superiority of Islam along with the concepts, scriptures and their reality of the religions. Ahmad Deedat has defended Islam in an excellent manner by removing the misunderstandings and criticisms related to Islamic ideas and thoughts. He has been actively involved with non-Muslims to spread the message of Islam, remove misunderstandings and promote understanding. He has been actively involved with non-Muslims to spread the message of Islam, clear misunderstandings and promote understanding. He has eloquently discussed contemporary issues that could have influenced and swayed Muslims, such as social justice, challenges facing Muslim communities, etc. How Ahmad Deedat highlighted these issues in his writings and books and how he defended Islamic beliefs and highlighted the importance of Islamic teachings, as well as how he tried to disprove the views of the opponents. In view of the importance of the topic below, the issues discussed in Ahmed Deeddat's works and writings will be highlighted.
Ahmad Deedat, Muslim preacher, Christianity, social justice, world religion, Islam.
THE NATIONAL EDUCATIONAL BOARDS OF ISLAMIC SEMINARIES: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT AND COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CURRICULAR CONTENT
Religious seminaries in Pakistan have played a remarkable role in shaping the country’s state, society, and intellectual landscape. After the establishment of Pakistan, various sects established distinct educational and examination boards for their seminaries, including the prominent Wifaq al-Madaris al-Arabia Pakistan (Deobandi), Wifaq al-Madaris al-Shia Pakistan, Wifaq al-Madaris al-Salafiya Pakistan (Ahl-i Hadith), and Rabita al-Madaris al-Islamia (Jamaat-e-Islami). These institutions have preserved the classical Dars-i Nizami tradition while incorporating contemporary requirements to some extent, striving to create a unique integration of religious and worldly knowledge. This paper presents a comparative and analytical study of the establishment, evolution, organizational background, objectives, and core curricular subjects of these boards.The study concludes that, although there are clear differences among the four boards in terms of intellectual orientation, jurisprudential and theological frameworks, and curricular priorities, they all share a foundational emphasis on the Quran, Hadith, Fiqh and Usul, Arabic language, and Islamic history. Furthermore, the paper underscores the need for curricular reform, inter-sect scholarly dialogue, and the integration of contemporary social sciences in light of both national and global challenges.
Religious Seminaries, Examination Boards, Wifaq al-Madaris, Curriculum, Dars-i Nizami, Comparative Study, Pakistan.
COMMON AMALIYĀT IN CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
This study explores the concept of ʿAmaliyāt in Christianity and Islam, focusing on their shared elements and underlying spiritual objectives. Both religions, as major Abrahamic faiths, emphasize practical expressions of faith through structured acts of worship, moral conduct, and spiritual discipline. The research aims to identify and analyze common practices such as prayer, fasting, charity, remembrance of God, and ethical living, highlighting their role in shaping individual character and collective religious identity.Adopting a comparative and analytical methodology, the study examines primary religious texts alongside scholarly interpretations to understand how these practices are conceptualized and implemented within each tradition. Despite theological differences, the findings reveal a significant degree of similarity in the purpose and function of these practices, particularly in fostering spiritual purification, self-discipline, and a closer relationship with the Divine.Furthermore, the research highlights that these shared ʿAmaliyāt serve as a bridge for interfaith understanding and dialogue, promoting mutual respect and coexistence among followers of both religions. At the same time, the study emphasizes the importance of recognizing doctrinal distinctions to maintain academic balance and theological clarity.In conclusion, the comparative study of religious practices in Christianity and Islam demonstrates that while the forms and frameworks may differ, their core objectives reflect a common spiritual ethos centered on devotion, morality, and the pursuit of divine pleasure.
Amaliyāt,Christianity ,Islam ,Comparative Study ,Spiritual Practices ,Abrahamic Religions.
THE HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF AMALIYĀT: A STUDY IN THE CONTEXT OF WORLD NATIONS
This study explores the historical significance of Amaliyāt in the context of world nations, with a particular focus on their development, application, and impact across different civilizations. The concept of ʿAmaliyāt is examined as a set of structured practices often spiritual, cultural, or functional in nature that have played an important role in shaping human thought, behavior, and societal systems throughout history.The research adopts a qualitative and analytical methodology, drawing upon historical sources, comparative perspectives, and interdisciplinary insights to trace the evolution of these practices from ancient to modern times. It investigates how different societies interpreted and utilized Amaliyāt within their religious, cultural, and intellectual frameworks, and how these practices influenced social cohesion, belief systems, and power structures.The findings indicate that Amaliyāt have consistently served as tools for addressing human needs ranging from spiritual fulfillment and psychological assurance to social organization and cultural identity. At the same time, their interpretation and legitimacy have varied across regions and historical contexts. The study also emphasizes the importance of critical analysis in distinguishing between authentic, culturally embedded practices and those influenced by superstition or misinterpretation.In conclusion, the historical study of Amaliyāt provides valuable insights into the intellectual and cultural evolution of world nations, highlighting their enduring relevance while encouraging a balanced and scholarly approach to their understanding.
Amaliyāt , Historical Significance ,World Nations ,Cultural Practices ,Comparative Study,Spiritual Traditions , Social Development.
SCIENTIFIC ASPECTS OF THE MIRACLE OF THE QURAN: AN ANALYTICAL AND RESEARCH STUDY
The Qur’an, as the final divine revelation, encompasses numerous dimensions of miraculous expression (I‘jāz al-Qur’an), among which the scientific aspect holds significant importance in contemporary discourse. This study aims to explore the scientific dimensions of the Qur’an by analyzing selected verses that correspond to modern scientific discoveries. The Qur’an, revealed in the 7th century, contains references to natural phenomena, cosmology, embryology, geology, and other scientific domains that were unknown to humanity at the time of its revelation.This research examines how certain Qur’anic descriptions—such as the expansion of the universe, the development of the human embryo, the barriers between seas, and the water cycle—align with established scientific knowledge. The study adopts a qualitative and analytical approach, utilizing classical tafsir alongside modern scientific interpretations to evaluate the relationship between revelation and empirical science.The findings suggest that the accuracy and depth of these references cannot be attributed to human knowledge of the time, thereby supporting the view that the Qur’an is of divine origin. However, the study also emphasizes the need for careful interpretation to avoid overstatement and to maintain a balanced approach between scientific inquiry and theological understanding.In conclusion, the scientific dimension of the Qur’an serves as a powerful sign of its miraculous nature and continues to inspire both faith and intellectual reflection in the modern age.
Scientific Miracles of the Qur’an ,I‘jaz al-Qur’an ,Qur’an and Science ,Embryology in the Qur’an ,Cosmology in Islam ,Divine Revelation ,Scientific Interpretation.
THE UNSEEN ASPECTS OF THE MIRACLES OF THE QURAN: PROPHECIES REGARDING THE PROPHETIC ERA: A BRIEF OVERVIEW
The Qur’an, as the final revelation of Allah, embodies numerous dimensions of divine miracle (I‘jāz al-Qur’an), among which the aspect of unseen knowledge and fulfilled prophecies holds significant importance. This study explores the miraculous nature of Qur’anic predictions revealed during the Prophetic era (period of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ) and examines how these foretellings were realized in historical reality. The Qur’an presented various prophecies related to political, social, and religious developments—many of which appeared improbable at the time of revelation but were later fulfilled with remarkable accuracy.This paper focuses on selected examples such as the victory of the Romans over the Persians, the eventual dominance of Islam, and the defeat of its adversaries. By analyzing these instances within their historical context, the study argues that such precise foreknowledge lies beyond human capability, thereby affirming the divine origin of the Qur’an. Furthermore, the research highlights how these fulfilled prophecies served as a powerful means of strengthening faith among early Muslims and as a compelling argument in (propagation of Islam).The study adopts a qualitative and analytical approach, drawing upon classical tafsir literature and historical sources to demonstrate the significance of the unseen aspects of the Qur’an as a central element of its miraculous nature.
I‘jaz al-Qur’an, Qur’anic Prophecies ,Unseen Knowledge (Ghayb) ,Prophetic Era,Islamic Revelation Historical Fulfillment ,Divine Miracle.
THE HUR MOVEMENT IN SINDH: ORIGINS, IDEOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS, AND ITS SOCIO-POLITICAL AND HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE
This article provides a comprehensive examination of the Hur Movement, a seminal anti-colonial resistance movement that emerged in Sindh during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Centered on the spiritual leadership of Pir Sibghatullah Shah Rashdi II (Soreh Badshah), the movement represents a unique convergence of Sufi spirituality, anti-colonial resistance, and regional identity formation. Drawing on historical sources, scholarly analyses, and archival materials, this study explores the ideological foundations of the Hur School of Thought, emphasizing its distinctive interpretation of Islamic teachings, its conception of freedom (hur), and its articulation of resistance against oppression. The article traces the movement's evolution from a spiritual community to an organized guerrilla force that challenged British colonial authority in Sindh, examining the leadership of Pir Sibghatullah Shah and his role in shaping the movement's religious, political, and social dimensions. The study further evaluates the socio-political impact of the Hur Movement on Sindhi society, including its contributions to regional identity, resistance narratives, and political consciousness. The consequences of British suppression—including military operations, the passage of the Hur Criminal Act, the imposition of martial law, and the execution of movement leaders—are analyzed for their role in shaping the movement's legacy. Finally, the article reflects on the contemporary relevance of the Hur School of Thought in modern Pakistan, particularly in discourses of faith, resistance, and regional identity. This study argues that the Hur Movement represents a distinctive model of anti-colonial resistance rooted in indigenous spiritual traditions, and its marginalization in dominant historical narratives reflects broader questions about decolonization and knowledge production in postcolonial Pakistan.
Hur (Hurs),Pir Pagara,Sindhi nationalism,Sufi resistance, Anti-imperialism,Colonial Sindh,Spiritual-military synthesis.
THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HINDUISM IN SINDH: ORIGINS, BELIEFS, AND CULTURAL LEGACY
This article provides a comprehensive examination of Hinduism in Sindh, tracing its origins, ideological foundations, and historical development from antiquity to the present. As one of the world's oldest living religious traditions, Hinduism has shaped the cultural, social, and spiritual landscape of South Asia for over four millennia. In Sindh—a region that served as a cradle of ancient civilization and a crossroads of diverse cultural currents—Hinduism developed distinctive characteristics while maintaining continuity with broader Indic traditions. This study explores the historical roots of Hinduism in the Indus Valley Civilization and Vedic traditions, analyzes its core ideological principles including dharma, karma, samsara, and moksha, and examines their influence on individual behavior, social structure, and spiritual practice. The article traces the historical presence of Hinduism in Sindh from ancient times through the medieval and colonial periods, examining the complex interactions between Hinduism and other religious traditions, particularly Islam and Sufism, and analyzing how these interactions shaped the cultural and religious landscape of the region. The socio-cultural impact of Hindu ideology on Sindhi society is evaluated, including its influence on traditions, festivals, rituals, language, literature, art, social values, and community structures. Finally, the study assesses the contemporary relevance of Hinduism in Sindh, focusing on minority identity, interfaith relations, and the preservation of cultural heritage in modern Pakistan. This study argues that the history of Hinduism in Sindh represents a unique case of religious continuity, cultural synthesis, and resilience in the face of profound historical transformations, and that understanding this history is essential for comprehending both the region's cultural heritage and the contemporary dynamics of religious diversity in Pakistan.
Hinduism,Sindh, Indus Valley Civilization,Vedic Tradition Religious Syncretism Sufism; Cultural Heritage, Minority Identity Interfaith Relations, Socio-Cultural Impact.
PRONOMINAL AFFIXATION IN HINDKO LANGUAGE: OPTIMALITY THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
This study presents an Optimality Theoretical (OT) analysis of pronominal affixation in the Hindko language, focusing on how pronominal markers attach to verbs and other hosts in natural speech. Hindko, an Indo-Aryan language spoken in northern Pakistan, exhibits a rich system of pronominal affixes that encode person, number, and sometimes gender. The research investigates the phonological and morphological constraints governing the placement and realization of these pronominal affixes within the framework of Optimality Theory. Data were collected from 10 native speakers of Hindko and analyzed through OT tableaux to determine the ranking of constraints responsible for the preferred surface forms. The study demonstrates that constraints such as ALIGN, MAX-IO, DEP-IO, and ONSET play a significant role in determining the optimal output forms during pronominal attachment. The analysis shows that pronominal affixation in Hindko is not arbitrary but systematically regulated by ranked universal constraints that balance faithfulness to the input with phonological well-formedness. The findings contribute to the understanding of morphophonological processes in Hindko and provide further evidence for the applicability of Optimality Theory in explaining pronominal affixation patterns in Indo-Aryan languages. The study also highlights the importance of documenting and analyzing regional languages through modern linguistic frameworks.
Hindko language, Pronominal Affixation, Optimality Theory, Morphophonology, Constraint Ranking, Indo-Aryan Languages, OT Tableaux, Affixation, Phonological Constraints.
REVEALED RELIGIONS AND THE CONCEPT OF SLAVERY: PERSPECTIVES ON HUMAN DIGNITY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE
Slavery has been a long-standing social institution in human history, deeply influencing social structures, economic systems, and human dignity. Rather than endorsing slavery as a permanent social reality, the revealed religions approached it through ethical reform and moral responsibility. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam introduced teachings that emphasized humane treatment of slaves, recognition of their inherent human dignity, and encouragement toward emancipation. These religions sought to regulate existing practices while gradually guiding societies toward justice, compassion, and equality.This study presents a comparative and analytical examination of the concept of slavery in revealed religions, highlighting their distinctive and reformative teachings. Special attention is given to the Islamic approach, which institutionalized the liberation of slaves through moral exhortation, legal mechanisms, and religious incentives. The research demonstrates that the teachings of revealed religions provide an ethical framework that supports human rights, social justice, and the gradual elimination of exploitative systems. The findings underline the continued relevance of these religious teachings in contemporary discussions on human dignity and freedom.
Revealed Religions, Concept of Slavery, Human Dignity Emancipation,Social Justice,Islam, Christianity, and Judaism.
THE CONCEPT OF HUMAN SLAVERY: A HISTORICAL STUDY OF ITS CAUSES, EVOLUTION, AND IMPACTS (FROM THE ANCIENT PERIOD TO THE MODERN ERA)
Human slavery is one of the oldest and most complex social institutions in human history, existing in various forms across different civilizations and historical periods. This study examines the concept of human slavery from antiquity to the modern era, focusing on its causes, evolution, and long-term impacts within a historical framework. The primary causes of slavery included economic needs, war captives, political domination, racial and class-based discrimination, and social inequality. In ancient civilizations such as Greece, Rome, and Mesopotamia, slavery was considered an essential component of the socio-economic system, where enslaved individuals were employed in agriculture, domestic service, and military support.During the medieval period, slavery evolved through feudal and colonial structures, leading to systematic exploitation of human labor. The modern era, particularly under European colonial expansion and the transatlantic slave trade, witnessed slavery on an unprecedented scale, especially affecting African societies. However, the same period also marked the rise of humanitarian thought, enlightenment ideals, and human rights movements, which challenged the moral and ethical legitimacy of slavery. These movements ultimately contributed to the legal abolition of slavery in many parts of the world. Despite formal abolition, modern forms of slavery such as human trafficking, forced labor, and economic exploitation continue to exist. This study highlights the historical development of slavery and analyzes its profound social, economic, and moral consequences across different eras.
Human Slavery,Historical Evolution,Ancient Civilization,Modern Era,Causes of Slavery,Human Rights,Social and Economic Impact.
A RESEARCH-BASED STUDY OF SIMILES AND PARABLES IN THE SAYINGS OF THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD (ﷺ)
beautiful means of expression, interpretation, and understanding in every language. Moreover, all forms of material education and training find their fulfillment through the use of such literary devices. This is why no literature—whether human or divine—has ever remained devoid of similes and metaphors, as their absence would be inconceivable. Just as the Divine Speech (the Qur’an) employs similes and parables as a means of clear communication, similarly, Prophetic speech (Hadith) frequently utilizes these tools for effective understanding. A concept or message, when conveyed through a simile or example, becomes more firmly rooted in the listener’s mind. Such illustrative expression also generates interest and helps the audience grasp the intended message more swiftly and deeply. In the forthcoming article, selected metaphorical and illustrative examples from the Prophetic discourse (ﷺ) are presented.
Similes, Parables, Hadith, Divine Speech, metaphorical Muhammad (ﷺ).
ALLAMA M. IQBAL AS A POET OF HEART, MIND AND SPIRIT: A TRIANGULAR ANALYSIS OF HIS POETIC VISION
This study discovers the poetic and philosophical vision of great Muslim poet Allama Dr. Muhammad Iqbal through his triangular integration of poetic themes about heart, as a faculty of passionate love described as Ishq, mind as a faculty of intellect described as Aql and spirit as a faculty of self-hood described as Khudi. The purpose of this study is to examine Iqbal’s poetry as a synthesis the faculties of heart (Ishq), mind (Aql), and spirit (Khudi). He looks all these three faculties as interdependent forces to develop a complete human being and considers it a holistic conception of human development. By adopting the qualitative hermeneutic approach, this study has analysed some of his poetical work from his famous books Asrar-e-Khudi, Bang-e-Dra, Bal-e-Jibril, and Zarb-e-Kalim in order to examine how he integrates emotional, intellectual and spiritual faculties into a unified philosophy of life. Findings reveal that Iqbal views all these three forces as essential for the development of complete human being called Mard-e-Momin. Iqbal’s Mard-e-Momin is emotionally vibrant, intellectually active and spiritually awakened individual. The analysis concludes that Iqbal’s triangular integrated philosophy presents an admiring framework for moral, intellectual, and spiritual development of human being establishing him as a true poet of heart, mind, and spirit.
Allama Iqbal, Ishq, Aql, Khudi, triangular integration, Mard-e-Momin, poetic vision.
THE EVOLUATION OF THE CALIPHATE IN THE LIGHT OF THE QURAN AND HADITH : A SPECIALIZED STUDY
The Caliphate system began with the existence of the state of Medina, the scholarly form of which was established after the passing of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), when Muslims elected a Caliph on merit and formally laid the foundation of the Caliphate system. The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) used the word caliphate in several sayings. And according to a narration in Bukhari Sharif, its entire system has been described as follows: In Bani Israel, political leadership was in the hands of the prophets (peace be upon them). When one prophet passed away from the world, another prophet would take his place. And I am the last Prophet, there is no prophet after me, but there will be caliphs after me. In this noble saying, the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) described the caliphate in the sense of political leadership and governance and also made it clear that after me this political leadership and governance will be in the hands of the caliphs. This caliphate system started a golden age for Muslims. The first period of the caliphate is called the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphate, which begins with the first caliph, Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddiq (RA), and ends with the last caliph, Hazrat Ali Karam Allah Wajhu al-Karim, which covers a period of approximately thirty years.
Caliphate, Political, Leadership, Governance, Messenger.
THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL MECHANISMS IN FACILITATING CLIMATE CHANGE IN PAKISTAN: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
The increasing frequency of extreme weather events, water scarcity, and agricultural disruptions caused by climate change in Pakistan highlight the critical need for efficient financing structures to fund mitigation and adaptation activities. This study looks at how financial systems help Pakistan respond to climate change, identifying both opportunities and concerns. Inadequate institutional capacity, a growing population reliant on climate-sensitive industries like agriculture, and limited financial resources all contribute to Pakistan's susceptibility to climate change. The nation's climate resilience is greatly influenced by current financial systems, such as private sector investments, domestic budgetary allotments, and international climate funds like the Green Climate Fund. However, there are a number of obstacles that these mechanisms must overcome, including a lack of coordination between government agencies and stakeholders, complicated access procedures, and inadequate funding. The analysis pinpoints important chances to improve Pakistan's financial systems. These include enhancing public-private partnerships for climate infrastructure projects, creating novel financial instruments like green bonds and climate insurance, and more efficiently utilizing international climate finance. Enhancing the effectiveness of climate investments and streamlining resource allocation are further benefits of strengthening institutional frameworks and policy coherence. Building local project development capability, including climate issues into national budgeting processes, and increasing accountability and openness in the use of climate funds are some of the recommendations. Pakistan can improve its finance systems for climate action and promote resilience and sustainable development in the face of growing climate dangers by tackling these issues and grasping possibilities. By providing policymakers and stakeholders with insights to maximize resource allocation and promote effective climate interventions, this study adds to the conversation on climate finance in poor nations.
water scarcity, climate change, policymakers, finance systems, transition, policy coherence.
THE SOCIAL PRINCIPLES MENTIONED IN SURAH AL-BAQARA AND THEIR CONTEMPORARY UTILITY
It is necessary to follow certain rules and regulations to enrich civilization, which is also required by human nature, human nature aspires to the survival and development of mankind, that is why a man desires moral and spiritual growth, and the only way to utilize human abilities is the presence of society and the rules and regulations are relied upon to civilize the same culture. These principles are related to ethics, worship, society, economy and basic ideas and thoughts, for every moment of life. In society, there is a need to be equipped with such qualities as compassion, generosity, generosity, love, sacrifice, sacrifice and justice. At the same time, the implementation of orders such as publicizing justice is also necessary to protect human life in society, and to eliminate class, linguistic, national and national discrimination and oppression. These are the basic principles that can be followed to create a universal human society. The Holy Quran teaches society to be characterized by high qualities and to avoid socially undesirable actions. This title has been chosen in view of the contemporary need to mention the issues and commands of the Holy Qur'an, Surah Al-Baqarah, which guides humanity in terms of social issues and their importance and usefulness in the contemporary context.
Holy Qur'an, Al-Baqarah, Social Issues, Humanity, Civilization, Rules and Regulations.
FAMILY LAWS IN HINDUISM AND ISLAM: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Family laws play a fundamental role in shaping social structure, moral values, and individual responsibilities within a society. Hinduism and Islam, as two major world religions, provide comprehensive frameworks for regulating family life through their respective religious texts and traditions. This study presents a comparative analysis of family laws in Hinduism and Islamic family law, focusing on key areas such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, guardianship, and the status of women. The research examines Hindu family laws as derived from classical texts like the Manusmriti and later legal developments, alongside Islamic family laws based on the Qur’an, Sunnah, and juristic interpretations. Through comparative evaluation, the study highlights both similarities and differences in principles, objectives, and legal mechanisms, particularly regarding social justice, family stability, and individual rights. The research concludes that while both systems aim to preserve family cohesion and moral order, Islamic family law demonstrates a more systematic legal structure with explicit emphasis on justice, rights, and responsibilities for all family members. This comparative study contributes to a deeper understanding of religious family laws and promotes interfaith legal and social dialogue.
Hindu Family Law,Islamic Family Law,Marriage and Divorce,Inheritance Laws,Comparative Religion.
FINDING LINK BETWEEN FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND ENERGY DEMAND IN AFRICA
In most regions the production and consumption of energy is considered as a benchmark for shifting toward development of economy. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship of different growth indicators (FDI, GDPPC, RPRICES) and energy consumption and different financial development indicators (domestic credit by banking sector, liquid liability, M2, Domestic credit to private sector) in a selected panel of Sub Saharan countries that are Egypt, Sudan and Nigeria for a period of 39 years from 1977 to 2014. Panel cointegration test found cointegration among the variables and have long term relationship among them. The pooled OLS test suggests that there is significant relationship among the variables and the results concluded that there is a high impact of GDPPC and relative prices of energy on Energy consumption in the region.
Fdi, Gdppc, Rprices, Domestic Credit, Banking Sector.
A COMPARATIVE AND CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF FAMILY LAWS IN BUDDHISM AND SIKHISM
Buddhism, as a major religious and philosophical tradition of the Indian subcontinent, presents a distinctive worldview that shapes its understanding of family life and social relations. Rooted in the principles of compassion, moral discipline, and liberation from worldly attachments, Buddhist teachings approach family matters through the lens of ethical conduct rather than legal obligation. This research explores Buddhist family norms with a critical perspective, examining foundational concepts related to marriage, marital harmony, parental duties, inheritance, and communal responsibilities.The study investigates how Buddhist ideals—such as the Middle Way, detachment, and the cultivation of virtuous behavior inform and regulate interpersonal relationships within the household. It further analyzes the extent to which Buddhist societies integrate traditional family structures with religious doctrine, and how these teachings adapt to contemporary social realities. Drawing upon canonical texts, historical sources, and modern scholarly works, this research highlights the unique contributions of Buddhism to family ethics while also identifying areas where its principles diverge from or intersect with other religious systems. Ultimately, the study aims to enhance academic understanding of Buddhist family thought and provide a meaningful basis for comparative analysis within the broader discipline of religious studies.
Buddhist Family Laws,Marriage and Divorce in Buddhism,Ethical Teachings, Comparative Religious Studies, Moral Framework in Buddhism.
PAKISTAN’S APPROACH TO THE YEMEN CRISES AND ITS IMPACTS ON REGIONAL DYNAMICS
Pakistan has faced a difficult diplomatic situation as a result of the Yemen crisis, which has persisted since 2015 and necessitates striking a careful balance between regional alliances, strategic interests, and humanitarian concerns. This study looks at Pakistan's approach on the Yemeni war and how it affects South Asian and Middle Eastern regional dynamics. The parliament of Pakistan has openly rejected Saudi Arabia's request for military assistance in favor of a diplomatic resolution, demonstrating the country's neutral approach to the crisis. Pakistan's efforts to uphold strategic autonomy while maintaining ties with important regional players, especially Saudi Arabia and Iran, are reflected in this position. The ruling emphasizes Pakistan's preference for economic prospects, regional stability, and national interests over military involvement. Pakistan's neutrality affects its relations with Iran, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), and other regional players, and the Yemen crisis has important ramifications for regional dynamics. Pakistan has established itself as a possible mediator by choosing a diplomatic strategy and using its connections with different parties to promote communication. Tensions with Saudi Arabia, a crucial security and economically, have also resulted from this position, underscoring the difficulties in striking a balance between conflicting interests. It also examines the domestic political factors, such as public opinion and legislative supervision, that influenced Pakistan's response. Pakistan's approach to the Yemen crisis is indicative of a practical and interest-driven foreign policy that places a high priority on regional security and strategic autonomy. Although this position has helped Pakistan negotiate complicated regional politics, it also highlights how difficult it is to remain neutral in a divided Middle East.
Yemen crisis, Eastern regional dynamics, Community Structure, Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), Middle East, Pakistan's response.
EDUCATIONAL STABILITY AND CONTEMPORARY REQUIREMENTS:IN THE LIGHT OF SEERAH TEACHINGS
The encouragement for acquiring beneficial and authentic knowledge was conveyed to The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) through the first revelation. This distinction sets humanity apart from other beings. Education and the knowledge of fundamental matters play a key role in the development and stability of any society. While education serves as a fundamental pillar for a stable and strong nation, it is also the essential element that enhances individual capabilities and contributes to collective welfare. Therefore, the Prophet (PBUH) commanded every Muslim to be endowed with the wealth of knowledge. Education is a process that enables the mental, moral, and social development of a person and provides individuals with the ability to develop intellectual freedom, creative thinking, and effective decision-making. Knowledge, which is the result of education, is an important component of human development and social stability, which enables humans to cope with current challenges and create new opportunities, such as modern-day challenges such as climate change, poverty, and health problems that can be solved through the effective use of knowledge. Medicine, engineering, and information technology, where education and knowledge made progress possible. In this regard, the research should highlight the importance of integrating educational systems with the practical teachings of Seerat-un-Nabi (PBUH) to foster the development of moral values and emotional intelligence, thus enabling comprehensive growth of the individual and society. To ensure educational stability, essential to implement comprehensive policies that prioritize quality education following the principles of Seerat-un-Nabi (PBUH) which emphasizes the importance of putting knowledge into practical use. This research will help to enhance education and knowledge. It is essential for creating a strong and stable society for education professionals, policymakers, and community leaders.
Education, knowledge, Information Technology, Health Problems, First Revelation, Seerat-un-Nabi, Professionals.
STATE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM: A RESEARCH STUDY IN THE LIGHT OF THE SEERAH OF THE PROPHET ﷺ
Education in Islam is considered a fundamental pillar for the intellectual, moral, and spiritual development of individuals, as well as for societal progress. The establishment of a well-organized state-level educational system ensures the dissemination of knowledge, cultivation of ethical values, and promotion of social welfare. The Seerah of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ provides practical guidance on how a structured and effective educational system can be established, encompassing both religious and worldly knowledge, moral training, and social responsibilities.The Prophet ﷺ emphasized accessibility of education for all, encouraged lifelong learning, and established learning centers for children, youth, and adults. He integrated ethical instruction within the curriculum, ensuring that education was not limited to theoretical knowledge but extended to practical implementation in daily life. This study analyzes the principles of an educational system derived from the Seerah, highlighting the importance of universal access, moral and religious education, practical learning, and societal development. The findings suggest that the Seerah offers a timeless model for building a comprehensive, value-based, and socially responsible educational framework suitable for contemporary state systems.
Islamic Education,State Educational System,Seerah of the Prophet ﷺ,Moral and Ethical Training,Knowledge Dissemination,Social Development,Practical Learning,Lifelong Education.